Vertebral column

Spinal anatomy

Image showing normal anatomical overview of the vertebrae, intervertebral discs and exiting nerve roots



Image showing comparison of normal anatomy and that seen in disc proplapse


Image showing ligaments of vertebral column


Ligaments of the vertebral column

Ligament	Attachments	Function
Anterior longitudinal ligament	Superiorly: blends to become the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane at C1 level During course: attaches to anterior of vertebral bodies and annulus Inferiorly: anterosuperior portion of the sacrum	Prevent hyperextension (limits extension) of the vertebral column Support intervertebral disc
Posteriorlongitudinal ligament	Superiorly: tectorial membrane (atlanto-axial joint and occiput) During course: attaches to posterior of vertebral bodies and annulus Inferiorly: sacrum	Prevent hyperflexion (limits flexion) of the vertebral column Support intervertebral disc
Ligamenta flava	Attach pedicles of adjacent vertebrae Extends from axis (C2) to sacrum (S1)	Preserve upright posture Elastic recoil after flexion
Supraspinous ligament	Connects tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum	Limit hyperflexion of the vertebral column
Interspinous ligament	Connect adjoining spinous processes Extend from the root to the apex of each spinous process Positioned between ligamenta flava and supraspinous ligament	Limit flexion of the spine
Intertransverse ligament	Between the transverse processes of the spine	Limit lateral flexion of the spine

Illustration of spinal ligaments